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1.
Revista Digital de Postgrado ; 12(3): 377, dic. 2023. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS, LIVECS | ID: biblio-1531130

ABSTRACT

El presente estudio tiene como objetivo analizarla relación entre los indicadores de seguridad alimentaria,subalimentación y costo de la canasta alimentaria en el contextode las políticas públicas en materia alimentaria en Venezuela,durante el periodo comprendido entre 2017 y 2022. Para ello, sellevó a cabo un análisis exhaustivo de los datos disponibles sobrela seguridad alimentaria en Venezuela, incluyendo informaciónsobre la subalimentación, y el costo de la canasta alimentaria.Asimismo, se analizaron las políticas públicas implementadas enel país en materia alimentaria durante el periodo de estudio, conel fin de entender su impacto en los indicadores de seguridadalimentaria. Ninguna de las asociaciones estudiadas resultó sersignificativa a nivel estadístico (p>0,05), por lo que, aunqueteóricamente existe una relación entre estos indicadores en elperíodo estudiado, el carácter multidimensional prevalece y hacecompleja la posibilidad de comparaciones. Se identificaron laspolíticas públicas que requieren mejoras o ajustes para proteger laseguridad alimentaria del venezolano. Estos resultados obtenidospodrán ser de utilidad para los responsables de la toma dedecisiones en el país, así como para los investigadores yprofesionales interesados en el tema de la seguridad alimentariay la nutrición


EL objective of this study is to analyzethe relationship between the indicators of food security,undernourishment and the cost of the food basket in thecontext of public policies on food in Venezuela, during theperiod between 2017 and 2022. For this, an exhaustive analysisof the available data on food security in Venezuela wascarried out, including information on undernourishment, andthe cost of the food basket. Likewise, the public policiesimplemented in the country regarding food during the studyperiod were analyzed, in order to understand their impacton food security indicators. None of the associations studiedturned out to be statistically significant (p>0.05), therefore,although theoretically there is a relationship between theseindicators in the period studied, the multidimensional natureprevails and makes comparability complex. Public policies that require improvements or adjustments to protect Venezuelanfood security were identified. These results obtained may beuseful for those responsible for decision-making in the country,as well as for researchers and professionals interested in thesubject of food security and nutrition.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Public Policy , Malnutrition , Food Supply/statistics & numerical data , Food Supply/statistics & numerical data , Basic Health Services , Health Policy , Nutritive Value
2.
Rev. cuba. med ; 61(2): e2867, abr.-jun. 2022.
Article in Spanish | LILACS, CUMED | ID: biblio-1408997

ABSTRACT

Introducción: El diagnóstico de la desnutrición ha tenido un complejo proceso histórico y su concepto ha transitado por numerosas tentativas para definirla. La palabra desnutrición y especialmente el término malnutrición crean bastante confusión entre los estudiosos del tema. En la última década han surgido consensos variados para clasificar la desnutrición asociada a las enfermedades unida a la carga que representan el sobrepeso y obesidad en la presencia de enfermedades crónicas y agudas. Objetivo: Conocer cómo las nuevas tecnologías mejoran el conocimiento de los trastornos nutricionales mediante la descripción e integración de sus compartimentos corporales, pero no están al alcance de los equipos de salud ni de los pacientes en los diversos escenarios de trabajo. Desarrollo: La nutrición constituye una ciencia integrada por un conjunto de disciplinas científicas que transitan desde las ciencias exactas, hasta las ciencias políticas. La aplicación del método clínico como una modalidad del método científico obliga a considerar a la nutrición también con esta visión y no como la última opción del médico en una intervención diagnóstica o terapéutica, contaminada por mitos, tabúes y prejuicios culturales. La medicina clínica proporciona competencias duras adquiridas en forma de conocimientos y habilidades a lo largo de la formación preprofesional y de postgrado, que unidas a la competencias blandas garantizarán una labor exitosa incluidos los entornos culturales hostiles, tóxicos y /o caóticos. Conclusiones: Existen tendencias a seguir patrones y guías de sociedades de países con grandes recursos financieros y tecnológicos para la investigación, que no siempre en están en consonancia con nuestras realidades. La aparición de la pandemia COVID-19, ha planteado nuevos desafíos y serias amenazas tanto para las personas, como a los sistemas de salud de forma global que afectó de manera importante a los pacientes ancianos, con cáncer y enfermedades crónicas junto al choque de la pandemia de la obesidad con la del Coronavirus(AU)


Introduction: The diagnosis of malnutrition has had a difficult historical process and its concept has gone through numerous attempts to define it. The word undernourishment and especially the term malnutrition creates a lot of confusion among scholars of the subject. In the last decade, various consensuses have emerged to classify malnutrition associated with diseases together with the burden represented by overweight and obesity in the presence of chronic and acute diseases. Objective: To identify how new technologies improve knowledge of nutritional disorders through the description and integration of their body compartments, but they are not available to health teams or patients in various work settings. Findings: Nutrition is a science made up of a set of scientific disciplines that range from exact sciences to political sciences. The application of the clinical method as a modality of the scientific method makes it necessary to consider nutrition also with this vision and not as the last option of the doctor in a diagnostic or therapeutic intervention, contaminated by myths, taboos and cultural prejudices. Clinical medicine provides hard skills acquired in the form of knowledge and skills throughout pre-professional and postgraduate training, which together with soft skills will guarantee successful work, including hostile, toxic and/or chaotic cultural environments. Conclusions: There are tendencies to follow patterns and guides of societies in countries with great financial and technological resources for research, which are not always in line with our realities. The appearance of the COVID-19 pandemic has posed new challenges and serious threats to both people and health systems globally, significantly affecting elderly patients, those with cancer and chronic diseases, along with the shock of the COVID-19 pandemic, obesity with that of the Coronavirus(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Malnutrition/diagnosis , Malnutrition/epidemiology , COVID-19/complications , Nutrition Disorders
3.
Cienc. Salud (St. Domingo) ; 6(2): 85-93, 20220520. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1379400

ABSTRACT

Introducción: la malnutrición infantil representa uno de los problemas de salud pública más importantes de la República Dominicana (RD) y el mundo. A pesar de esto, actualmente, no existen estudios en la RD que describa el estado nutricional en los niños de la escuela primaria. Material y métodos: este estudio transversal describió las principales variables antropométricas en niños de 1ero a 6to de primaria en Santiago, RD, además de determinar la relación existente entre la antropometría y variables sociodemográficas. Resultados: de los 2,271 estudiantes estudiados, la media del peso fue 33,2 ± 11,4 kg, la talla fue 1,36 ± 0,13 m. La media del percentil fue 65,33 %. El 3.92 % (n=89) estuvo en bajo peso, el 17.57 % (n=399) estuvo en sobrepeso y el 22.94 % (n=521) estuvo en obesidad. Conclusión: el sobrepeso y la obesidad infantil fueron los trastornos más comunes en zonas rurales y urbanas, y tanto en centros privados como públicos


Introduction: Child malnutrition represents one of the most important public health issues in the Dominican Republic (DR) and the whole world. Despite this reality, there are currently no studies in the DR that describe the nutritional status in primary school children. Material and method: This cross-sectional study described the main anthropometric variables in children from elementary schools in Santiago, RD, in addition to determining the relationship between anthropometry status and some sociodemographic variables. Results: 2,271 participants were analyzed; the mean weight was 33.2 ± 11.4 kg, height was 1.36 ± 0.13 m. The mean percentile was 65.33%. 3.92% (n=89) were underweight, 17.57% (n=399) were overweight, and 22.94% (n=521) were obese. Conclusion: Childhood overweight and obesity was the most prevalent disorder, both in rural and urban areas, and both in private and public centers


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Child Nutrition Disorders/epidemiology , Students , Anthropometry , Nutritional Status , Prevalence , Cross-Sectional Studies , Dominican Republic , Overweight/epidemiology , Pediatric Obesity/epidemiology , Sociodemographic Factors
4.
Rev. cuba. angiol. cir. vasc ; 21(3): e97, sept.-dic. 2020. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, CUMED | ID: biblio-1156378

ABSTRACT

Introducción: El índice de riesgo nutricional geriátrico es un instrumento simple y exacto que permite identificar a pacientes hospitalizados con este riesgo. Objetivo: Valorar la prevalencia de riesgo nutricional en pacientes ingresados por presentar una enfermedad vascular. Métodos: Se evaluaron de forma transversal 102 pacientes mayores de 18 años (65 % hombres) ingresados de forma consecutiva entre octubre y diciembre de 2018 en el Instituto Nacional de Angiología y Cirugía Vascular en La Habana Cuba, independientemente de la enfermedad de base y que estuvieran de acuerdo en participar en el estudio. La variable principal de salida fue la proporción de pacientes con riesgo nutricional: riesgo alto (< 82), moderado (82-92), bajo (93-98) y sin riesgo (> 98); las variables secundarias resultaron la edad, el sexo, el índice de masa corporal y la concentración de albúmina. Resultados: El 12,9 por ciento (intervalo de confianza 95 por ciento: 6,2-19,6); el 16,8 por ciento (9,4-24,2) y el 22,8 por ciento (14,5-31,3) de los pacientes presentaron un riesgo nutricional alto, moderado y ligero, respectivamente. Solo el 47,5 por ciento (37,6-57,4), de los pacientes no presentó riesgo nutricional. La edad y el sexo no mostraron correlación con el riesgo nutricional; la concentración de albúmina y el índice de masa corporal y el índice de riesgo nutricional sí se asociaron de forma importante (R2: 0,98 y 0,59, respectivamente). Conclusiones: La prevalencia de pacientes con riesgo nutricional es elevada en el ámbito hospitalario y puede evaluarse por intermedio del índice de riesgo nutricional geriátrico(AU)


Introduction: The Geriatric nutritional risk index is a simple and accurate instrument that allows identifying hospitalized patients with this risk. Objective: To assess the prevalence of nutritional risk in patients admitted for presenting a vascular disease. Methods: There were evaluated in cross-sectional way 102 patients older than 18 years (65% male) admitted consecutively from October to December, 2018 at the National Institute of Angiology and Vascular Surgery in Havana, Cuba, regardless of the underlying disease and who agreed to participate in the study. The main variable was the proportion of patients with nutritional risk: high risk (<82), moderate (82-92), low (93-98) and without risk (>98); secondary variables were age, sex, body mass index and the concentration of albumin. Results: The 12.9 percent (95 percent confidence interval: 6,2-19,6); the 16.8 percent (9,4-24,2) and the 22.8 percent (14,5-31,3) of the patients had high, moderate, and light nutritional risks, respectively. Only 47.5 percent (37,6-57,4) of the patients did not present nutritional risk. The age and sex showed no correlation with the nutritional risk; the concentration of albumin and body mass index and the index of nutritional risk were significantly associated (R2: 0.98 and 0.59, respectively). Conclusions: The prevalence of patients with nutritional risk is high in the hospital scope and it can be evaluated through the geriatric nutritional risk index(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Vascular Diseases , Vascular Surgical Procedures/methods , Peripheral Vascular Diseases , Risk Index
5.
Article | IMSEAR | ID: sea-201548

ABSTRACT

Background: Malnutrition in the primary school children is one of important problems in India with long term ramifications. This may be related to faulty dietary habits, socioeconomic condition of the family etc. Malnutrition especially undernourishment can lead to delay in growth and development. Anthropometric assessment of the school children provides the information regarding the nutritional status. The objectives of the study were to find out the prevalence of undernourishment, overweight and obesity in the primary school children of the rural field practice area; to find out the association of socio-demographic variables with nutritional status.Methods: Cross sectional study was conducted from November 2013- February 2014 to assess the nutritional status of the primary school children of the rural field practice areas of our institution in Thumbay region of Dakshina Kannada.Results: The prevalence of undernourishment (thinness and severe thinness) and overweight and obesity was found to be 40.5%, 2.8% and 1.3% respectively. It was also found that significantly higher proportion of male students was having severe thinness compared to females.Conclusions: The present study showed that undernourishment (thinness) was still a problem in the rural area school children.

6.
Rev. chil. endocrinol. diabetes ; 11(2): 69-71, abr. 2018.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-915048

ABSTRACT

Electrolyte disorders are a not infrequent alteration in patients with anorexia nervosa. Itsmechanisms are multifactorial, depending on the electrolytic alteration. Hyponatremia is described in 7% of patients and generally does not reach serious values. We present the case of a female patient with difficult-to-manage anorexia nervosa who was hospitalized for hyponatremia with values not described in the literature, with a good final outcome. Literature and the main physiopathological mechanisms are reviewed.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adolescent , Anorexia Nervosa/complications , Hyponatremia/etiology , Malnutrition
7.
Rev. chil. nutr ; 43(4): 388-393, dic. 2016. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-844491

ABSTRACT

The objective of this research was to determine the nutritional and sensorial impact of a food with tuna and soya enriched with vitamins and minerals in pre-school children of three communities of Chiapas, Mexico. It is a study of nutritional intervention with a cohorte of six months. The nutritional state of children was determined previuos to the nurishing complement, to the half and at the end of this. The sample was conformed with the children who presented undernourishment problems; they were fed during six months. The level of acceptability of the food was determined with the children in pre-school age of the three communities. Significant evidences (p<0.05) of the high level of acceptability of the food, when comparing the obtained nutritional state at the beginning, half and at the end of the study were detected. Improvement on the health state was observed, when their severe malnutrition normalized.


El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el impacto nutricional y sensorial de un alimento a base de atún y soya enriquecido con vitaminas y minerales en preescolares de tres comunidades de Chiapas, México. Estudio de intervención nutricional con una cohorte de seis meses. Se determinó el estado nutricional de los niños previo a la alimentación, a la mitad y al final de ésta; la muestra se conformó con los niños que presentaron problemas de desnutrición inicialmente; a los que se les complementó la alimentación durante seis meses. Se determinó el nivel de agrado del producto, con niños de las tres comunidades. Se encontraron evidencias significativas (p<0.05) de un alto nivel de agrado del alimento, al comparar el estado nutricional obtenido al inicio, a la mitad y al final del estudio, se observó mejoras en el estado salud de los niños, al pasar de desnutrición severa o grave a normal.


Subject(s)
Humans , Soybeans , Tuna , Nutrition Programs and Policies , Child Nutrition Disorders , Food, Fortified , Nutrition Assessment , Child, Preschool , Micronutrients , Nutritional Status
8.
Biosci. j. (Online) ; 31(5): 1561-1569, sept./oct. 2015.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-965019

ABSTRACT

Malnutrition remains an important public health condition by affecting mostly children. The present study aimed to examine the effects of prenatal protein undernourishment and postnatal renourishment on the metabolism of pre-adult animals. Forty-five male Wistar rats originating from different litters were used. The Nourished (N, n=15) and Undernourished (U, n=30) groups were maintained on proteic and hypoproteic diets (20% and 5% casein, respectively) from the intrauterine phase until the end of the experiment. The Renourished group (R) contained 15 animals, randomly chosen from U group, that consumed the N diet beginning on day 21 (weaning). All groups were maintained until day 60. The experimental data was acquired daily for body weight, feed and water intake, feces and urine excretion. Data analysis was made with the total results and the ratio between them. The U group animals developed uniformly sparse hair late and experienced intense sweating, features that were not observed during the experiment in the R and N animals groups. The R group had the largest weight gain and feed and water intake ratio/weight at experimental period, followed by the N group animals. The final body weight and food intake decreased gradually in the order N-R-U, but none of the other parameters showed a statistical difference between the N and R animals. Compared to groups N and R, the U group animals consumed 90% and 81% more food and water, respectively. Protein undernourishment induced metabolic dysfunction in the U group animals. The similarity in the experimental parameters of the N and R groups suggests that an early feeding correction was effective in reestablishing the organic functions of the R group animals.


A subnutrição ainda é uma condição importante na saúde pública por afetar principalmente crianças. O presente estudo tem o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da subnutrição pré-natal e renutrição pós-natal no metabolismo de ratos jovens. Quarenta e cinco ratos Wistar machos originados de diferentes ninhadas foram utilizados. O grupo Nutrido (N, n=15) e Subnutrido (U, n=30) foram mantidos sob dieta protéica e hipoprotéica (20% e 5% de caseína, respectivamente) desde a fase intrauterina até o final do experimento. O grupo Renutrido (R) conteve 15 animais aleatoriamente selecionados do grupo U para consumir a dieta protéica a partir do dia 21 pós-natal (desmame). Todos os grupos foram mantidos até o dia 60. Os animais do grupo U desenvolveram pelos tardiamente, uniformemente escassos e sudorese intensa, fato não visto ao longo do experimento nos animais R e N. Os animais R obtiveram o maior ganho de peso, fração ingestão por peso e consumo de água por peso no período experimental, seguido pelo grupo N. O peso corporal final e a ingestão final de alimento ficaram decrescentes na ordem N-R-U, enquanto que para todos os outros parâmetros não houve diferença estatística entre o animal N e R. Comparativamente ao grupo N e R, o grupo U consumiu 90% e 81% a mais de alimento e água, respectivamente. A subnutrição proteica induziu disfunção metabólica nos animais U. A semelhança nos parâmetros experimentais entre o grupo N e R sugere que a correção precoce da alimentação foi eficaz no retorno das funções orgânicas dos animais R.


Subject(s)
Protein Deficiency , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Malnutrition , Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Metabolism
9.
An. venez. nutr ; 27(1): 21-25, jun. 2014.
Article in Spanish | LILACS, LIVECS | ID: lil-748414

ABSTRACT

Se analizan algunos de los elementos conceptuales con los que abordó el profesor José María Bengoa Lecanda (1913-2010) la complejidad de factores que están asociados al hambre. Se estudian sus reflexiones sobre la interrelación entre desnutrición, enfermedad y pobreza, así como sus propuestas para romper dicho círculo. Desde los presupuestos de la medicina social, el doctor Bengoa articuló un discurso donde las desigualdades sociales aparecen como uno de los determinantes clave que explican las diferencias socio-sanitarias entre regiones, poblaciones e individuos. El cambio social, con la educación como principal argumento, y la mejora de las condiciones de vida de la población, eran reivindicadas por el doctor Bengoa como las estrategias más adecuadas para abordar la malnutrición en cualquiera de sus manifestaciones(AU)


Some of the conceptual elements through which professor José María Bengoa Lecanda (1913-2010) approached the complexity of factors associated with hunger are analysed. Specifically, his reflections on the interrelation between undernourishment, disease and poverty are studied, as well as his proposals to break said circle. From the assumptions of social medicine, doctor Bengoa articulates a discourse where social inequalities appear as one of the key factors to explain the social and health differences between regions, populations and individuals. Social change, with education as the main argument, and the improvement of life conditions for the population, were claimed by doctor Bengoa as the most appropriate strategies to address malnutrition in any of its forms(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Poverty , Hunger , Malnutrition , Social Conditions , Social Medicine , Preventive Medicine
10.
An. venez. nutr ; 27(1): 77-87, jun. 2014. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS, LIVECS | ID: lil-748421

ABSTRACT

La doble carga nutricional, la coexistencia del déficit y del exceso nutricional es el resultado de la Transición Alimentaria y Nutricional acelerada en los países en vías de desarrollo que no habrían resuelto sus problemas de déficit nutricional antes de que les alcanzaran el sobrepeso, la obesidad y las enfermedades crónicas relacionadas con la nutrición. Los cambios en el estilo de vida del venezolano como resultado de la rápida urbanización y la migración masiva hacia las ciudades es el fenómeno más relevante; se discuten los aspectos relacionados con el crecimiento prenatal y posnatal temprano y su asociación con las enfermedades crónicas relacionadas con la nutrición. Factores demográficos perfilan a Venezuela como de alto riesgo: el embarazo de adolescentes con tasas altas en la Región Latinoamericana, el peso bajo al nacer, el aumento de la mortalidad materna y de la mortalidad infantil, la lactancia materna exclusiva que disminuye con la edad del recién nacido. En el primer estudio de sobrepeso y obesidad en la población venezolana, del INN, entre los 7 a los 17 años de edad, 21-28% presentaban exceso y 15- 17% déficit, un reflejo de la “doble carga”, cuya distribución resulta heterogénea en el país, el déficit en los niños parece ser mayor que el exceso en estados rurales como Apure así como en los estratos más bajos. En los adultos el sobrepeso y la obesidad aumentan con la edad. Se presenta una aproximación a la prevención de la “doble carga” y de los problemas de salud pública derivados de esta(AU)


The double burden of malnutrition, the coexistence of nutritional deficit and excess is the result of the Food and Nutrition Transition accelerated in developing countries that would had not have solved their problems of nutritional deficiency before they were reached by overweight, obesity and chronic diseases related to nutrition. Changes in the lifestyle of the Venezuelan population as a result of rapid urbanization and migration to the cities, is the most important phenomenon; aspects of prenatal and early postnatal growth and its association with chronic diseases related to nutrition are discussed. Demographic factors outline the Venezuelan population as high risk: teenage pregnancy prevalence is among the highest in the Latin American region, low birth weight, increased maternal mortality and infant mortality; exclusive breastfeeding decreasing’s the with age of the newborn. In the first study of overweight and obesity in the Venezuelan population, INN, in ages 7 to 17 years olds 21-28% were overweight and 15-17% were undernourished, a reflection of the “double burden”, whose distribution is heterogeneous in the country, the deficit in children appears to be larger than the excess overweight in rural states like Apure and in the lower socioeconomic strata. In adults, overweight and obesity increase with age. An approach to the prevention of the “double burden” and the public health problems resulting from this is presented(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Pregnancy in Adolescence , Birth Weight , Malnutrition/diagnosis , Nutritional Transition , Feeding Behavior , Obesity/etiology , Chronic Disease , Overweight , Sedentary Behavior , Life Style
11.
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS, LIPECS | ID: biblio-1522541

ABSTRACT

Se hace una revisión basada en evidencias de la importancia de los micronutrientes y oligoelementos en la dieta, durante el embarazo y posparto. El enfoque integral de la nutrición debe ser atendido en toda la vida reproductiva de la mujer, incluso antes de estar embarazada. La deficiencia de micronutrientes se ha visto asociada a diferentes riesgos que tienen que ver con defectos estructurales fetales. La suplementación multivitamínica en el embarazo ha probado ser muy efectiva para prevenir diversos problemas de salud, como la reducción de los recién nacidos con peso bajo, los pequeños para edad gestacional, así como la disminución de una serie de malformaciones congénitas, como los defectos del tubo neural, defectos cardiovasculares, paladar hendido y anomalías del tracto urinario. No se encuentra beneficios en la protección de defectos genéticos, como el Down, y tampoco parece que tienen alguna influencia en la mortalidad perinatal.


A brief evidencebased account on the importance of micronutrients and oligoelements in the diet during pregnancy and postpartum is done. An integral approach on nutrition must be given to women during reproductive life as well as before pregnancy. Micronutrient deficiencies have been associated with fetal structural defects risks. Micronutrient supplementation during pregnancy has shown to be effective in the prevention of different health problems including low birth weight, small for gestational age, and birth defects including neural, cardiovascular, cleft palate and abnormalities of the urinary tract. There is no evidence of protection against genetic problems type Down syndrome, or in reduction of perinatal mortality.

12.
Salud pública Méx ; 56(supl.1): s92-s98, 2014. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-736468

ABSTRACT

El panorama de la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional en México se aborda a partir de los cuatro pilares que la componen: disponibilidad, acceso y uso de los alimentos, y estabilidad de la oferta, así como desde las dos caras de la malnutrición en México: obesidad y desnutrición. Los datos se analizan a partir de los indicadores de seguridad alimentaria de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura, de la Escala Mexicana de Seguridad Alimentaria (EMSA) y de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2012. Combinando la producción e importación de alimentos en México, la disponibilidad energética es de 3 145 kilocalorías por persona al día, uno de los índices más elevados del mundo. En contraste, el país está afectado por una doble carga de malnutrición: frente a 14% de desnutrición infantil, 30% de la población adulta sufre de obesidad. Más de 18% de la población está en pobreza alimentaria por ingreso. La población reporta una importante carencia alimentaria, concentrada en siete estados de la federación. La estructura productiva que subyace en estos indicadores refleja un panorama altamente heterogéneo que se traduce en un bajo crecimiento de la productividad nacional en los últimos años. La seguridad alimentaria es un concepto multidimensional. Para alcanzar la seguridad alimentaria de la población mexicana, se requiere un rediseño de política, estrategias tanto productivas como sociales y refuerzo a los mecanismos de gobernanza institucional.


An overview of food security and nutrition in Mexico is presented, based on the analysis of the four pillars of food security: availability, access, utilization of food, and stability of the food supply. In addition, the two faces of malnutrition in Mexico were analyzed: obesity and undernourishment. Data were gathered from the food security indicators of the United Nations's Food and Agriculture Organization, from the Mexican Scale of Food Security, and from the National Health and Nutrition Survey. Mexico presents an index of availability of 3 145 kilocalories per person per day, one of the highest indexes in the world, including both food production and imports. In contrast, Mexico is affected by a double burden of malnutrition: whereas children under five present 14% of stunt, 30% of the adult population is obese. Also, more than 18% of the population cannot afford the basic food basket (food poverty). Using perception surveys, people reports important levels of food insecurity, which concentrates in seven states of the Mexican Federation. The production structure underlying these indicators shows a very heterogeneous landscape, which translates in to a low productivity growth across the last years. Food security being a multidimensional concept, to ensure food security for the Mexican population requires a revision and redesign of public productive and social policies, placing a particular focus on strengthening the mechanisms of institutional governance.


Subject(s)
Humans , Malnutrition/epidemiology , Food Supply/statistics & numerical data , Poverty , Mexico/epidemiology , Obesity/epidemiology
13.
Rev. cuba. med ; 51(3): 208-217, jul.-set. 2012.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-649859

ABSTRACT

Introducción: la malnutrición proteico-energética es la complicación más frecuente en pacientes cirróticos, la valoración nutricional es difícil y la atención en este sentido es deficiente. Objetivo: evaluar el estado nutricional de los pacientes con cirrosis hepática. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo de 19 pacientes, de ambos sexos, entre 15 y 60 años de edad, con diagnóstico de cirrosis hepática compensada, atendidos en el Hospital Clinicoquirúrgico 10 de Octubre, desde enero de 2008 a enero de 2009, para evaluar el estado nutricional. Se utilizaron variables como: edad y sexo, antropométricas (peso, talla, circunferencia del brazo e Índice de masa corporal), de laboratorio y dietéticas. Resultados: predominó el sexo masculino y el grupo de 45 a 54 años de edad. El mayor número de pacientes estuvo entre 6 meses y un año del diagnóstico. Se encontró un porcentaje elevado de desnutrición, según índice de masa corporal, la circunferencia del brazo fue el indicador antropométrico menos afectado. La anemia se presentó en más del 50 porciento y el 26 porciento tuvo linfopenia. Se evidenció que al disminuir la frecuencia de comidas al día, aumentó la frecuencia e intensidad de la malnutrición. Conclusiones: la frecuencia de malnutrición proteico-energética en la población cirrótica estudiada fue elevada, con mayor índice de malnutrición en casos de origen alcohólico, además se comprobó que el estado nutricional del paciente cirrótico no puede ser valorado al margen de factores dietéticos


Introduction: protein-energy malnutrition is the most common complication in cirrhotic patients. Nutritional assessment is difficult and care is deficient. Objective: evaluate the nutritional status of patients with liver cirrhosis. Methods: an observational descriptive study was conducted of 19 patients of both sexes aged 15-60 diagnosed with compensated liver cirrhosis, cared for at 10 de Octubre Clinical Surgical Hospital from January 2008 to January 2009, with the purpose of evaluating their nutritional status. The variables studied were age and sex, anthropometric measurements (weight, height, arm circumference and body mass index), laboratory data and dietary information. Results: there was a prevalence of the male sex and the 45-54 age group. Most patients were between 6 months and one year from diagnosis. Malnutrition was found to be high, based on body mass index. Arm circumference was the least affected anthropometric indicator. Anemia was present in more than 50 percent, and 26 percent had lymphopenia. It was found that as the frequency of meals a day decreased, there was an increase in the frequency and intensity of malnutrition. Conclusions: protein-energy malnutrition was high in the cirrhotic population studied, with higher malnutrition rates in cases of alcoholic origin. It was also found that the nutritional status of cirrhotic patients can only be assessed with reference to dietary factors


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Young Adult , Middle Aged , Liver Cirrhosis/complications , Protein-Energy Malnutrition/epidemiology , Nutritional Status , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Observational Studies as Topic
14.
Invest. clín ; 51(1): 5-16, Mar. 2010. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-574087

ABSTRACT

La acidosis metabólica es mas frecuente en los pacientes desnutridos graves que en los eutróficos. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la función tubular renal en 30 niños desnutridos graves hospitalizados. La investigación fue de tipo prospectiva, descriptiva de corte transversal, se realizó prueba de sobrecarga con bicarbonato de sodio al 5 por ciento a 30 desnutridos graves: marasmo, kwashiorkor o mixtos, con edades de 6 meses a 5 años, etiología primaria, de ambos sexos, hemodinámicamente estables, con acidosis metabólica, hipercloremia y anión gap urinario positivo. Se determinó la relación calcio/creatinina e índice ácido úrico/creatinina. Se calcularon las frecuencias absolutas, relativas, valores medios y desviación estándar. Los lactantes representaron 80 por ciento de los pacientes. Prevalecieron las formas clínicas kwashiorkor y mixtas de evolución crónica. En 12 (40,0 por ciento) pacientes se observó acidosis tubular renal distal. El valor promedio de la relación calcio/creatinina en menores de 2 años de edad fue de 0,362 ± 0,414 y en los mayores de 2 años de 0,265 ± 0,22. El valor promedio del índice ácido úrico/creatinina fue de 0,57 ± 0,28. La acidosis metabólica presente en los pacientes, de acuerdo a los resultados observados, obedece a una disfunción tubular renal distal. La interpretación de la relación calcio/creatinina e índice ácido úrico/creatinina urinaria resulta difícil, haciéndose necesario aumentar las investigaciones en estos pacientes.


Seriously undernourished patients have a bigger tendency to metabolic acidosis than euthrophic individuals. The objective of the present work was to realize a study of the renal tubular function in 30 severely undernourished children. The investigation was a prospective, descriptive and transversal study. A test of overload with 5 percent sodium bicarbonate was realized to 30 seriously undernourished children whose primari etiology was marasmus, kwashiorkor or with mixed conditions, with ages of 6 months to 5 years, from both sexes, hemodynamically stable, with metabolic acidosis, hiperchloremia and positive urinary anion gap. The relation calcium/creatinine and the index uric acid/creatinine were determined. The absolute and relatives frequencies, average values and standard deviations were calculated. Infants represented 80 percent of the evaluated patients. The clinical forms kwashiorkor and mixed forms, of chronic evolution prevailed. Distal tubular renal acidosis was observed in 12 patients (40 percent) after the test overload with 5 percent bicarbonate. The average values of the relation calcium/creatinine of children < 2 years was 0.362 ± 0.414 and of children > 2 years was 0.265 ± 0.222. The uric acid/creatinine index was 0.57 ± 0.28. Metabolic acidosis is frequent in serious infantile undernourishment, which, according to the results observed, obeys to distal renal tubular dysfunction. The interpretation of the relation calcium/creatinine and the uric acid/creatinine index is difficult, becoming necessary to increase the investigations in these patients.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Acidosis, Renal Tubular/pathology , Metabolism , Fanconi Syndrome/diagnosis , Child Nutrition Disorders/complications , Child Nutrition Disorders/diagnosis , Hypercalciuria/pathology , Nephrology
15.
Clinics ; 65(9): 877-883, 2010. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-562837

ABSTRACT

AIMS: To investigate the effect of carnitine supplementation on alcoholic malnourished rats' hepatic nitrogen content. METHODS: Malnourished rats, on 50 percent protein-calorie restriction with free access to water (malnutrition group) and malnourished rats under the same conditions with free access to a 20 percent alcohol/water solution (alcohol group) were studied. After the undernourishment period (4 weeks with or without alcohol), both groups were randomly divided into two subgroups, one of them nutritionally recovered for 28 days with free access to a normal diet and water (recovery groups) and the other re-fed with free access to diet and water plus carnitine (0.1 g/g body weight/day by gavage) (carnitine groups). No alcohol intake was allowed during the recovery period. RESULTS: The results showed: i) no difference between the alcohol/no alcohol groups, with or without carnitine, regarding body weight gain, diet consumption, urinary nitrogen excretion, plasma free fatty acids, lysine, methionine, and glycine. ii) Liver nitrogen content was highest in the carnitine recovery non-alcoholic group (from 1.7 to 3.3 g/100 g, P<0.05) and lowest in alcoholic animals (about 1.5 g/100g). iii) Hepatic fat content (~10 g/100 g, P>.05) was highest in the alcoholic animals. CONCLUSION: Carnitine supplementation did not induce better nutritional recovery.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Alcoholism/complications , Carnitine/therapeutic use , Liver/chemistry , Nitrogen/analysis , Protein-Energy Malnutrition/drug therapy , Vitamin B Complex/therapeutic use , Dietary Supplements , Ethanol/blood , Fatty Acids, Nonesterified/blood , Fatty Liver/metabolism , Liver/drug effects , Protein-Energy Malnutrition/blood , Protein-Energy Malnutrition/etiology , Random Allocation , Rats, Wistar , Weight Gain/drug effects
16.
Arq. ciênc. vet. zool. UNIPAR ; 10(2): 85-89, jul-dez. 2007. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-509342

ABSTRACT

Neste trabalho foram utilizados seis animais (Rattus norvegicus com 90 dias de idade) divididos em dois grupos: GC (grupo controle) e GE (grupo experimental). Os animais do GC receberam ração com teor protéico de 26% e os do GE ração com 4% de proteínas. Após 90 dias de experimento, os animais foram submetidos à eutanásia, à retirada do íleo e a processos histológicos corados por Hematoxilina e Eosina (HE), quando se avaliaram os efeitos da desnutrição protéica severa (4%) sobre ratos Wistar adultos (Rattus norvegicus) nos seguintes parâmetros: peso corporal; parede total do íleo; túnica mucosa; túnica muscular; altura do enterócito; diâmetro maior nuclear. A análise histomorfométrica da parede total do íleo dos ratos adultos desnutridos evidenciou que houve uma redução estatisticamente significante no grupo experimental em relação ao grupo controle. Ou seja: a parede intestinal alterou-se como um todo, especialmente na espessura da túnica mucosa, muscular, altura do enterócito e diâmetro maior de seu núcleo, permitindo-se concluir que a desnutrição protéica afeta tecidos de alta e baixa renovação celular presente no íleo


Six animals (Rattus norvegicus - 90 days of age) were divided into two groups: CG (Control Group) and EG (Experimental Group) were used in this study. The animals in the CG received 26%-protein chow and the EG received 4%- protein chow. 90 days later, the animals were submitted to euthanasia, remotion of their ileum for histological processes, and Hematoxylin and Eosin staining (HE). The effects of severe protein undernutrition (4%) on Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) regarding the following parameters were assessed: body weight, total wall thickness of the ileum, tunica mucosa, muscle tunic, enterocyte height, and higher nuclear diameter. The histomorphometric analysis of the total wall of the ileum of undernourished adult rats evidenced that there was a statistically significant reduction for the experimental group in relation to the control group. The intestinal wall suffered atrophy demonstrating that protein undernourishment affected all the tissues at the ileum


En esta investigación fueron utilizados seis animales (Rattus norvegicus con 90 días de edad) divididos en dos grupos: GC (grupo control) y GE (Grupo experimental). Los animales del GC recibieron ración con contenido proteico de 26% y los del GE ración con 4% de proteínas. Tras 90 días de experimento los animales fueron sometidos a eutanasia, remoción del íleo, procesos histológicos corados por Hematoxilina y Eosina (HE). Cuando se evaluaron los efectos de la desnutrición proteica severa (4%) sobre las ratas Wistar adultas (Rattus norvegicus) en los siguientes parámetros: peso corporal, pared total del íleo, túnica mucosa, túnica muscular, altura del enterocito y diámetro mayor nuclear. El análisis histomorfométrica de la pared total del íleo de las ratas adultas desnutridas evidenció que hubo una reducción estadísticamente significante em el grupo experimental en relación al grupo control. O sea: la pared intestinal se alteró como un todo, especialmente en La espesura de la túnica mucosa, muscular, altura del enterocito y diámetro mayor de su núcleo, permitiéndose concluir que La desnutrición proteica afecta tejidos de alta y baja renovación celular presente en el íleo


Subject(s)
Animals , Protein-Energy Malnutrition/diet therapy , Jejunum/anatomy & histology , Rats , Ileum/anatomy & histology
17.
Rev. bras. ter. intensiva ; 18(3): 298-306, jul.-set. 2006. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-481521

ABSTRACT

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O estado nutricional do paciente hospitalizado influi em sua evolução clinica e a má nutrição protéico-calórica contribui para o aumento da morbidade-mortalidade em terapia intensiva. Apesar dos diversos parâmetros de avaliação nutricional (AN) existentes, não há um padrão nos centros hospitalares que dê segurança aos profissionais em sua prática diária. O objetivo deste estudo foi buscar um método de avaliação para pacientes críticos que permita uma avaliação mais adequada e contribua para melhorar no seu cuidado. CONTEÚDO: Foi realizada revisão na literatura existente, tendo com palavras-chave: avaliação nutricional, paciente critico, antropometria, desnutrição hospitalar e terapia intensiva. CONCLUSÕES: Os diferentes métodos de avaliação nutricional sofrem restrições quando se trata de paciente critico. Não há consenso entre os autores sobre o melhor método de AN, não sendo aconselhável a eleição de apenas um. Sugere-se para a prática diária, um instrumento que contemple os aspectos subjetivos e objetivos e que identifique pacientes desnutridos ou em risco nutricional (Anexo 1).


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Nutritional state of patients affects them in their clinical evolution. Protein-caloric malnutrition contributes to the increase of morbidity and mortality in critical care. Regardless all the parameters available to assessment, there is no standard in hospital centers. In this review, we were looking for a method to nutrition assessment (NA) in critical patient that allow more adequate assessment and contribute to improvement in critical care. CONTENTS: In order to compare methods in NA in critical patient, search was performed in scientific papers aboutthis area. The keywords usedwere nutritional assessment, critical patient, critical care, hospital undernourishment and anthropometry. CONCLUSIONS: There are restrictions to different anthropometric parameters for NA when referring to critical patients. There is no consensus within authors about the best method for these patients and they no advise to choose only one parameter. We suggest for practice clinical in NA, one tool that include objective and subjective aspects in critical patients and identify those that are either undernourishments or in nutritional risks (Appendix 1).


Subject(s)
Anthropometry , Intensive Care Units , Nutrition Assessment
18.
Int. j. morphol ; 23(1): 25-32, 2005. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-626965

ABSTRACT

Undernutrition in early life is associated with a number of acute and chronic sequelae, and recovering is a controversial issue. Even if undernutrition in Brazil is declining, studies have shown that about 31% of brazilian children still present severe or moderate malnutrition. The present study goal was to induce early malnutrition in rats and observe short- (undernourished) and long-term (after recovered) effects on defense cells involved in wound healing. Undernutrition was produced by separating the pups from the mother for 10 hours/day during the suckling period (21 days after birth). As controls were used rats at same age not submitted to suckling restriction. Undernutrition and recovering states were assessed by body weight. Skin wounds were made on the shaved backs of all, undernourished, recovered and their controls, under tribromoethanol anesthesia. Aninals were sacrificed 1, 3, 7 and 14 days after surgery and the tissues were properly prepared and observed under light microscopy. Our results showed that: 1) neutrophils, lymphocytes and macrophages couting in healing area were lower in undernourished and in recovered animals as compared with their controls; 2) there were a basal deficiency in lymphocytes and macrophages numbers in recovered animals but not in those acutelly undernourished. These results allow us to conclude that post-nattally undernourished animals submitted to a nutritional rescue time showed a complete recovery in physical weight, but in spite of the physical recovery, the wound healing showed less defense cell density in healing areas suggesting long-term sequelae of early undernutrition.


La desnutrición postnatal está asociada a un conjunto de secuelas agudas y crónicas, y su recuperación es aún asunto controvertido. En Brasil, a pesar de estar disminuyendo la desnutrición, algunos estudios han demostrado que alrededor del 31% de los niños presentan malnutrición moderada o severa. El objetivo del presente estudio fue inducir una desnutrición precoz en ratas y observar los efectos inmediatos (desnutrición) y permanentes (depués de la recuperación) sobre las células de defensa involucradas en la cicatrización. La desnutrición fue provocada separando las crías de sus madres, por 10 horas diarias, durante el periodo de lactancia (21 días de nacidos). Como contoles fueron usadas ratas de la misma edad no sometidas a restrición láctea. Los estados de desnutrición y de recuperación fueron evaluados por el peso corporal. Las heridas fueron realizadas en la piel rasurada del dorso de los animales desnutridos, recuperados y controles, bajo anestesia con tribromoetanol. Los animales fueron sacrificados 1, 3, 7 y 14 días después de la cirugía y los tejidos de la región cicatricial fueron procesados histológicamente y examinados al microscopio óptico. Los resultados mostraron que: 1) el número de neutrófilos, linfocitos y macrófagos en la área de cicatrización, fue menor en los animales desnutridos y en recuperación que en los controles; 2) enlos animales recuperados hubo una deficiencia basal en el número de linfocitos y macrófagos, lo que no ocurrió en los animales con desnutrición aguda. Estos resultados permitieron concluir que los animales sometidos a desnutrición postnatal mostraron una recuperación completa en el peso físico después del periodo de recuperación nutricional, pero que la región de cicatrización mostró menor densidad de células de defensa, sugiriendo secuelas permanentes de la desnutrición postnatal.

19.
An. venez. nutr ; 16(2): 61-67, jun. 2003. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, LIVECS | ID: lil-630266

ABSTRACT

Los objetivos de la investigación fueron establecer las concordancias entre el diagnóstico nutricional por «juicio clínico¼ con el antropométrico y determinar la asociación entre los signos clínicos con el grado de desnutrición. La muestra fue de 50 niños desnutridos de ambos sexos entre 2 y 6 años; cada paciente fue categorizado en forma independiente por el «juicio clínico¼ en desnutrido leve o moderado por 2 observadores estandarizados según la metodología de clasificacion de la OMS. Posteriormente se hizo la clasificación antropométrica en base al método combinación de indicadores. Se analizaron las concordancias, Kappa y Chi-cuadrado. La concordancia general entre los diagnósticos clínico y antropométrico fue muy similar para ambos observadores, 82,0% para el observador 1 y 84,0% para el observador 2 con valores de Kappa de 0,61 y 0,65 respectivamente. La concordancia según nivel de desnutrición fue 90,3% en la desnutrición leve para ambos obsevadores y 68,4% para el observador 1 y 73,7% para el observador 2 en la desnutrición moderada. El 50,0% (n=7) de los casos de no concordancia para la desnutrición moderada correspondió a individuos que por clasificación antropométrica se ubicaban en el punto de corte entre desnutrición leve y moderada. Para ambos observadores se encontró asociación significativa entre el diagnóstico clínico y la hipotrofia muscular grado 1, en brazo, antebrazo, torax y pared abdominal y con la disminución del panículo adiposo en espalda, espacio interescapular y pared abdominal. El juicio clínico es un método efectivo para el diagnóstico de desnutrición leve y moderada en preescolares(AU)


The objectives of this research were to establish the concordances between the nutritional diagnosis by «clinical judgment¼ and the anthropometric nutritional diagnosis, and to determine the relation between the clinical signs of the undernourishment degree. The study group was formed by 50 by undernourished children of both sexes between 2 and 6 years. Each patient was classified through «clinical judgment¼ by two independent examiners in mild or moderate undernourishment, applying WHO methodology classification. Later, the anthropometric classification was made according to the indicator combination method. Concordance, Kappa, and Chi-square were applied. The overall concordance between the anthropometric and clinical diagnosis was very similar for both examiners: 82.0% for the first and 84.0% for the second, with Kappa values of 0.61 and 0.65, respectively. According to undernourishment levels, the concordance was 90.3% in mild undernourished for both examiners and 68.4% for examiner 1 and 73.7% for examiner 2 in moderate undernourished. 50.0% (n = 8) of non-concordant cases for moderate undernourishment matched individuals who were located in the cut-off point between mild and moderate undernourished according to the anthropometric classification. For both examiners, significant association was found between degree 1 muscle hypotrophy in arm, upper-arm, thorax, and abdominal wall, and also clinical diagnosis and fat mass in the back, interscapular space, and abdominal wall. The "clinical judgment" is a recommended method for the diagnosis of mild and moderate undernourishment in preschool children(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Chi-Square Distribution , Nutrition Assessment , Clinical Laboratory Techniques , Malnutrition , Indicators (Statistics) , Physicians' Offices , Anthropometry , Diet, Food, and Nutrition
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